The Importance of Crime Scene Investigation Free Essays

Wrongdoing scene examination is regularly a difficult and troublesome profession for even the most experienced law implementation operator. There are a few wrongdoings that are more hard to deal with profoundly and sincerely than others. Violations against youngsters and the older are regularly generally hard to pardon and generally hard for wrongdoing scene specialists to process mentally (Swanson, Chamelin Territo, 1999: 313). We will compose a custom article test on The Importance of Crime Scene Investigation or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Such examinations regularly bring about gigantic mental weight with time (O’Hara, 2003: 178). Manslaughter in for the most part is regularly hard to recoup from inwardly, and frequently requires the agent become profoundly associated with the legal sciences model or internal functions of the brain of the criminal to help unravel a case (O’Hara, 2003). This can bring about expanding mental worry with time. This paper will survey an ongoing criminal examination of murder to two small kids and the mental and enthusiastic impacts the wrongdoing had on the group of the people in question and the criminal examiner. For this situation the analyst tests into how a wrongdoing scene examination can bring about noteworthy passionate, profound and at times physical injury to both the casualties family and the wrongdoing scene agent. Here the wrongdoing scene shows how sincerely helpless wrongdoing scene examiners are, much like wrongdoing casualties as a rule. In this specific case two youngsters were killed by their mom who experienced extreme PPD or post birth anxiety. The occasion happened in the night and was not uncovered until 24 hours after the fact when the dad came back from a late night work move and morning gorge. The wrongdoing was accounted for to specialists promptly upon revelation. For this situation the two young men, twins, seemed, by all accounts, to be choked by the mother while resting one night. The wrongdoing scene was not excessively brutal. The casualties home seemed unkempt nonetheless, with junk accumulating in the kitchen and littering different rooms of the house. The kids were wearing messy dress and the house looked as if it had not been cleaned or gone to in a while. Strolling into the family territory there was a perceptible absence of children’s toys. There were various jugs of alcoholic substances and other stuff recommending either of the guardians experienced substance misuse issues. This wrongdoing had an especially crushing impact on me, as I could envision what it would resemble if my family had endured a comparable wrongdoing, if my siblings or sisters had been killed by a relative. Murder is never a simple wrongdoing to adapt to. For this situation different law implementation operators that were likewise present at the wrongdoing scene made some troublesome memories adapting to the terrible loss of two special and guiltless lives. Not helping the reality were relatives that were available howling and shouting out with respect to the shameful acts of the world. Every one of the relatives present was accusing oneself for the wrongdoing, having perceived the potential for debacle at an early stage yet making no move to forestall it. The dad for this situation once found and grandparents showed up discernibly troubled. The grandparents were especially disturbed, reprimanding themselves for the occurrence. The dad appeared to waffle between skepticism, stun and fear. The dad obviously endured a type of substance misuse issue and supposedly was grinding away when the killings happened (he works a night move). Profoundly I ended up addressing how this could happen to two honest kids. The kids were not over a year old. Both were small and blameless casualties and for minutes I considered these guardians contemptible of such favors. Sincerely I thought about what such a disaster may never really possess family, potentially crushing my inspiration for living. There is some sign that the dad for this situation may be set on self destruction watch, experiencing mentally these passings and the demise of his significant other (who it appears from the examination took a deadly portion of solution pills subsequent to choking out the kids). The individual lost his life accomplice yet in addition his youngsters. This wrongdoing is not the slightest bit reasonable and uncovers exactly how savage the world can once in a while be to even the most blameless of casualties. Indeed, even in situations where proof exists that the culprit of a wrongdoing was not of sound psyche or soul, there is little avocation in instances of manslaughter. There are by and large clarifications for individual’s conduct, as might be the situation in this specific occurrence. The wrongdoing scene examination here recommends that there is proof to help the possibility that the mother for this situation was not mentally fit for child rearing at the time being referred to. There is additionally proof to propose she came up short on the help important to adapt to a troublesome circumstance. That doesn't pardon her activities nor her substance misuse conduct, however helps clarify how a wrongdoing like this could have occurred. In the event that I were in this specific case I would have guaranteed early clinical mediation and expanded familial help to forestall the serious despondency that followed and constrained the mother to murder herself and her kids. Plainly she was additionally enduring genuinely and truly, and didn't feel she had the assets or bolster important to look for help and take care of her concern without falling back on uncommon measures. It is conceivable she experienced a type of psychosis. For this situation other relatives ought to have stepped in to encourage before mediation and keep this awful wrongdoing from happening. Wrongdoing scene examinations are frequently hard for wrongdoing scene specialists to deal with genuinely and mentally. While the activity appears to be clear from the start, with time wrongdoing scene agents come to acknowledge how troublesome dealing with the mental, profound and enthusiastic parts of the activity are. Of specific test are manslaughter examinations. It is imperative when dealing with such cases that the specialist separate himself from the examination so the individual in question doesn't relate what is happening in the examination with any close to home circumstances or conditions. This can worsen the pressure experienced by a wrongdoing scene examiner. Luckily there are various help component set up that can help wrongdoing scene specialists adapt to the staggering and attempting scenes they experience from everyday. It is significant that these assets be made promptly accessible in the situations where wrongdoing scene examinations include brutal crime. While familial help is empowering and accommodating, support among peers and even guides might be justified to help wrongdoing scene specialists manage the everyday. Stress the board and other unwinding instigating strategies additionally may help mitigate a portion of the weight wrongdoing scene specialists face when taking care of troublesome or brutal cases. 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The Growth of Seven-Eleven Free Essays

Official SUMMARY Seven-Eleven had acknowledged one of a kind development in the business part as there was use of flexibly chain methodology of Seven-Eleven and certain exhibition drivers upon the parity nature business responsiveness and the attention to specific dangers included. For Seven-Eleven to be fruitful, ECR approach will be understood that are compelling for store groupings; chain recharges and proficient advancement just as item presentation. Seven-Eleven have discovered better methods of building up their CDC just as DSD that is through data information aptitude and the growth of their business capacities to convey visit item administrations of differed things and the commitment confirmation given to the clients. We will compose a custom paper test on The Growth of Seven-Eleven or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The upside of fruitful chain is inside the improved economies of scale as Seven-Eleven viably significantly increasing purchasing power and accessing new items as the US and Japanese stores joined to bring down expenses on certain excellent wines for example. The DSD can be fitting when there is abundant and decent measure of coordinations deciding the perfect physical dispersion of products at Seven-Eleven as there can be influenced by the store’s circulation focus just as office area choices. The dispersion frameworks of Seven-Eleven were re-built and the Combined Distribution Centers have been acquainted by the organization with better deal with the progression of items into the stores. There has been valuable preferred position of Seven-Eleven upon CDC and DSD as the focuses permit smoothing of conveyance activity to the stores and the arrangement of better quality and better data on gracefully and conveyances is accessible and there was control of the flexibly chain as accomplished. The nearness of innovation like the adjustment of the POS framework can push forward and do help the store work and the executives circumstance by saving staff time. Step by step instructions to refer to The Growth of Seven-Eleven, Essay models

A Week Before Graduation...

A Week Before Graduation... Hello, and happy Saturday, everybody! Today is May 5th, 2018, and as much as Im denying this, graduation is a week from today! Im happy, and excited for my adventures in the future, but I will miss all of my friends so incredibly much. Today was a gorgeous, sunny day, and I had a relaxing lunch with a dear friend who I met here at school. Some days, I am especially grateful for what my undergraduate experience here at U of I has given me, and today was one of those days. I hope everybody is doing well with their finals. I plan to post more next week. For now, though, enjoy the rest of the weekend, and keep enjoying your time on campus! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Prostitution Is The Third Largest Criminal Enterprise

Prostitution is currently an illegal act that has existed for centuries in the United States of America. Throughout the history of prostitution, this act has been endlessly evolving; however, the basic terms of prostitution in which a person engages in sexual activity with another being for a payment has remained constant. It seems apparent that a stigma is attached to the prostitution industry involving participants from both sides. In fact, people possessing negative judgments toward prostitution are highly accepted and this is where the majority of people stand on this issue. Unfortunately, many people don’t understand the entirety of the prostitution industry, as this business in one of the most complex occupations in the world. According to the FBI, prostitution is the third largest criminal enterprise and is solely the fastest-growing business of organized crime in the country (Hill Walker-Rodriguez, 2011, p. 1). With this being said, a change within the framework of prostitution must be met to combat the dangers presented. Presently, prostitution is illegal in the confines of the United States of America, with the exception of eight counties within the state of Nevada. The current solution to this countrywide problem is placing a ban on prostitution. However, it has been made apparent that outlawing prostitution has nearly no effect on diminishing the presence of this illegal activity. In fact, a grant of $44 million was administered to sixteen citiesShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking is Becoming One of the Largest Criminal Enterprises in the US1638 Words   |  7 Pageset al. 2013). When the US government first recognized human trafficking as a crime that occurred within it’s own boarders they passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 (Davis et al. 2013). This act created new criminal statuses that addressed human trafficking and also stated that when it came to sex trafficking of a minor, no p roof of fraud, force or coercion was required (Davis et al. 2013). Another legal issue with human trafficking evolved from the TVPA.Read MoreSimilar To Many Successful Enterprises, Terrorist Groups1399 Words   |  6 PagesSimilar to many successful enterprises, terrorist groups have always diversified their revenue stream by relying on various forms of criminal activities to fund their operations. Terrorist groups are being forced to converge with organized crime to integrate local criminal activities in order to fund international terrorism. According to Steven D Alfonso, author of Why Organized Crime and Terror Groups Are Converging, D Alfonso notes that there is â€Å"evidence of Hezbollah establishing a strong baseRead MoreModern Day Slavery : The Second Largest Organized Crime Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking, also known as modern day slavery is one of the most profitable organized crimes in the world. As indicated by Farr (2005), human trafficking is the third largest organized crime industry. The United Nations Office on D rugs and Crimes estimate that profits from human trafficking is $32 billion every year. From that figure a little over $15 billion is made in more economically developed countries. Some researchers agree, however, that human trafficking will soon be more profitableRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1387 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction and thesis During the past 10 years’ human trafficking has recognized as major illegal and problematic activity within the criminal justice system throughout the United States and a majority of the world. Although much attention has been paid to the worldwide aspect of human trafficking it is important to realize its domestic prevalence. According to ------------------ and estimated 200,0000 to 300,000 immigrants are trafficked illegally within the United States from impoverished countriesRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Third Largest Criminal Industry991 Words   |  4 Pagesof slaves in history and out of all of them, only 108,000 (.4%) are identified and freed from enslavement. The human trafficking industry is the third largest criminal industry falling only behind drug smuggling and arms dealing. (â€Å"10 Facts About Human Trafficking Everyone Should Know†) While the trafficking industry is such a large criminal enterprise, it relies heavily on women and children. Women a re the primary targets of human trafficking, making up around sixty-six percent of the victims forcedRead MoreChanging The Voice Of Child Sex Trafficking1856 Words   |  8 PagesChanging the Voice of Child Sex Trafficking In the US There is a global issue growing and it’s knocking on our own back door here in the United States. It’s a problem that affects millions of women, men, and children. This issue is the third largest global criminal enterprise. So what is the issue? The issue is modern day slavery, better known as human trafficking. Worldwide, there are over 20 million human trafficking victims, and of that 26% are children, and 55% are women and girls. In 2015 it was reportedRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War2377 Words   |  10 Pagesmost common form of this human trafficking is for sex slavery, or human sex trafficking and has shown to pose a serious threat to the criminal justice system in the United States (Naughton, 2013, p. 42). Not only is human trafficking slavery, but it is big business becoming the fastest-growing business of organized crime and the third-largest criminal enterprise in the world (Naughton, 2013, p. 42). Although the majority of sex trafficking is international, it also occurs within the boundariesRead MoreHuman Trafficking1806 Words   |  8 Pagesunfortunate victims are either lured, sold, or forced against their will into a black-market of human trade known as human trafficking. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon and is the criminal commercial trade of human beings. This act exploits human beings in involuntary acts such as forced labor, prostitution, and psychological and physical abuse. Human trafficking deprives people of their human rights and freedom; it is also a global health risk due to infectious diseases like AIDS and cervicalRead MoreHuman Sex Trafficking1919 Words   |  8 Pagessold by their families when there is nothing left to sell. Children as young as eight and nine can be found in brothels around the world, including those within the United States. There is a great overlap between prostitution and sex trafficking, and many accused instances of prostitution are actually cases in sex trafficking in the U.S. Sexual trafficking affects an outrageous number of people around the world. In 2004, the U.S. State Department reported that 600,000 to 800,000 people are traffickedRead MoreUnderground Economy4900 Words   |  20 Pagesactivity which is not measured by government statistics. This can include a range of different economic activities not measurable by the government, such as: smuggling alcohol, tobacco and fuel,weaponry prostitution, copyrighted media,illegal drugs. It includes: ââ€" ª Selling goods illegally e.g. criminal goods; ââ€" ª Selling goods and services and not declaring income earnt; ââ€" ª Self sufficiency (If a farmer grows his own food, he will not appear to have any income, his sustenance comes from his

How Ehrhart Was Viewed as a Student Essay examples

In the fall of 1969, Ehrhart attended Swarthmore College at the age of twenty-one. Also during this time the student body of Swarthmore College â€Å"were middle class, academically paranoid, politically aware, and the students were antiwar† (Ehrhart 7). This proposed a problem for Ehrhart because during the spring of 1968, while Ehrhart was still over seas, the college had asked for a picture of him in his Marine uniform. Ehrhart realized that after he sent the photo, it would be used for the school’s Freshman booklet while all the commotion in school existed. He spent most of his days alone to avoid publicity and to keep a â€Å"low profile†. By October, however, the reporter for the campus newspaper Phoenix asked if he could interview†¦show more content†¦One might question why Ehrhart would even would agree to put his story in the school newspaper when his objective was to live a normal life and remain anonymous from the student body. Ehrhart m entions that â€Å"Vietnam veterans weren’t exactly the most popular kids on the block† (Ehrhart 7). That statement contradicts Ehrhart because he is a celebrity and he planned to live a normal life in college. In fact, Ehrhart wanted to live such a normal life that he wasn’t worried about the Freshman photo of him in the Marine uniform because Ehrhart’s appearance was different the first day of college. Ehrhart said, â€Å"fortunately, I didn’t look like that anymore, so a lot of people hadn’t yet figured out who this guy Ehrhart was† (Ehrhart 7). Ehrhart clearly wanted to start a new chapter in his life. As a human being and a scholar, Ehrhart has a right to attend college and live a normal life as he intended to do. The fact that Ehrhart had to really stress over his celebrity is ridiculous. The war played a huge part of Ehrhart’s wanting to remain anonymous during his time in school because he just wanted to erase the past and focus on the present. In fact, Ehrhart mentions some of the trauma that he went through and in his newspaper article it says that nothing else seems as hard as the war. Ehrhart read his section in the paper which stated, â€Å"BecauseShow MoreRelatedEssay about Phd Comprehensive Exam. in Leadership15004 Words   |  61 Pageslabels which are used as artificial creations, whose utility is based upon their convenience as tools for describing, making sense of, and negotiating the external world†(Burrell and Morgan, 1979). For a qualitative researcher â€Å"human behavior depends on how individuals interpret the conditions in which they find themselves† and â€Å"social reality is regarded as the product of processes by which social actors negotiate the meanings for actions and situations† (Blaikie, 1991). â€Å"Meaning is not discovered, butRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hal l393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSaddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes

Measuring Return on Investment (ROI) Free Essays

Before starting to compare and measure the return of investment for an information system, it is better to define terms such as Information Technology and Return of Investment or ROI. Information technology is a field concerned with the production, manipulation, sharing and transfer or information through the use of electronically-based equipments to satisfy man’s needs (Albacea p. 4). We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Return on Investment (ROI) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, in this definition we are not just referring to information itself but also for the communication aspects of the information system which is of wide use today. The Return of Investment, on the other hand, includes the costs and benefits in putting up a firm. Mainly, it is more focused on maximizing the benefits of the firm. In dealing with information systems, the definition of the return of investment is better to be extended so a to include not only the tangible but also the tangible benefits a firm or an office can derived in establishing their own information system (Grimes). To make a clear measurement of the ROI, let us have only two groups of consideration. Since most of the websites on the internet are focused only on either commercial or information sake, then we shall consider the firms that invests on utilizing information systems for commercial purposes and the other ones are those that utilizes the information system for information sake such as the government. In the first category, measuring the cost of building an information-related investment such as websites for selling or doing e-commerce can be clearly seen. E-commerce is an innovation in the information technology where consumers can transact with sellers using only information system (Albacea p. 256). Since the cost for hiring a programmer, for example, in creating a website for a commercial firm, the hardware and other features such as searching or blog which can be brought through licensing are known, then the total cost of establishing this set up can be computed and is just can be known by making a total of all of the expenses and efforts. The other part, which is computing the benefits, is rather the difficult part of it. This may be the reason why business owners and IT leaders are not interested in knowing or having a precise or definite benefit evaluation or effectiveness after they had made a website or an e-commerce page. According to Mary K. Pratt of the Computerworld of US in one of her features, the ROI for a website must be necessarily measured. She justified the ROI is truly measurable, and that those companies that are not measuring it doesn’t really concern of what their money’s worth. She takes, for example, Kia Motors. Kia Motors has for their websites visitor and mostly, what their basis of ranking is on the probability or likelihood of the customer to purchase a motor. They said that those that are downloading their white page are more likely to purchase a motor than those that only browse through their homepage. They can also measure the benefits on how advertisements on the Internet have changed their production and gross profit. If they see that they had made an advertisement on the Internet but has no increase on the sales, assuming all other factors are held constant, then the information-based technique they use is ineffective. Since ROI’s concern is in costs and benefits, we should also take the advantages of having information related systems than not having any. For example, we can measure how we can save money by replacing the paper ads or printed documents by the electronic version. About 18%, according to the analysts, of the printed document of a business firm becomes expired or not updated after just seven days or a week-long of time. Thus, after this period, they must be replaced by the updated ones. On the other hand, updating publications on the web will cost less than updating the printed ones (McGrath). Hence, this is one way of showing how information systems can cause a movement of the computation of the ROI. For the firms that utilizes the information system for commercial purposes, ROI can be measured in this way – the cost or the expenses can be easily calculated by just summing up the expenses made in putting up or establishing an electronic-based project, and the benefits, though not clearly seen, can be calculated by taking into consideration its effect on the business and how it can cut costs for the establishment. Now, let us look at the second category which is the firms or offices that utilizes information system for information-sake. The most common example for this category is the government. Usually, included in their budget is the allocation for having information systems that are helpful for public. If the benefits in the commercial-related are not clearly seen, here in the second category, the benefits are even more difficult to measure. Take United States for example. According to Center for Technology of Government at the University of Albany, even after some years of having information system exclusive for government information, the return of investment for this particular project is uncertain and is very hard to put in numbers (ctg.albany.edu†¦PrintVersion=1). Why is this so? Similar to the first category, the input resources for putting up or for the establishment of the information system to be used by the government can be readily computed for this is only the sum of all the expenses needed in the establishment. This will surely includes the wages or salaries of the personnel involved, the purchases made, and other licensing expenses. Government usually has its websites for its departments to ensure that the public will be well informed of national issues and information that are of public concern or the public can have great use of them. Again, return of investment is concern with the cost and the benefits. Now, how can we measure the benefits? If the members of the first categories’ benefits can be measured by seeing the effect of the system to their business, government’s measurement of the benefits is a lot more different. Remember that the benefits as defined earlier simultaneously with the Return of Investment don’t only include the tangible benefits but also the non-tangible ones. Thus, looking at the example earlier, the government has its own way of measuring the benefits. They had a standard assessment technique that gives results whether their investments or efforts in putting up the information system dedicated to serve the public has a significant effect or just a waste of time, effort and money (Grimes). This assessment technique needs some adjustments as justified by the Center of Technology for Government. This leads them to propose the Public Value Framework (Cresswell). The Public Value Framework emphasizes the role and importance of the public in assessing the performance of the information system used by the government. Unlike the previous system where only the government are responsible for the evaluation done, the second system or the Public Value Framework will give power for the public in assessments. Therefore, for the firms or offices that utilize information system for information sake, like the first one, they had a clear computation for cost but a rather difficult computation for benefits. The ROI can be computed by computing the cost through obtaining the summation of all the expenses and the benefits can be seen on the effects or how their objectives of putting up the system are fulfilled. That is, if the public has more satisfaction in using the system established by the government, then the government’s return of investment is indeed higher. In general, measuring the return of investment for an information system is not an easy task because of the complexity on the non-tangible benefits it has to offer, even if the cost of establishing the information system is clearly and be easily computed. In the end, the basis of the measurement of the return of investment is still in how it would affect the entities it is intended to be useful for or how the goals or objectives of a firm who puts up the system is attained or become more possible. It is recommended that more studies be made to make a standard basis for computation of the return of investment even if it has to involve many factors that are hard to put in numbers. References Pratt, Mary K.( May 28, 2007) â€Å"Measuring Your Website’s Return of Investment.† Business Technology Leadership. 6 July 2007. http://www.cio.com.au/index.php/id;1 315684679. Cresswell, Anthony M, et al. (September 2006). Advancing Return of Investment Analysis for Government IT. 6 July 2007 Grimes, Brad and Joab Jackson. (September 2006). What’s you IT investment worth –really? 6 July 2007 Center for Technology in Government. 6 July 2007 McGrath, George   and Anthony Schneider. Measuring Intranet Return On Investment. 6 July 2007. Albacea, Eliezer A. Information Technology Literacy I. UPLB, Philippines: UPLB Foundation, Inc. 2005. How to cite Measuring Return on Investment (ROI), Essay examples

The Great Moom Hoax Essay Example

The Great Moom Hoax Essay On July 20, 1969 thefirst dusty footprints left by men on the moon were also indelible footprints left on the hearts and imaginations of the human race. No other adventure was shared by more people. No other quest has meant more to our species as a standard by which we measure our incredible potential. This was one of the most famous days in the history of our planet from the various points of view of people who lived it, right here on Earth. It is One Day in the Life of Earth -late 20th century preserved in the reflection of an extraordinary achievement. Or was it Astronomers, specialists, and amateurs alike have come to several conclusive discoveries that play contrary to thefirst acclaimed, lunar landing. In the following document, arguments and examples will be introduced with liable resources, disregarding all past support on Apollo 11s final destination. It backs up the theory that the exploration and expedition of the lunar landing was an utter fraud, call it as you may, The Great Moon Hoax.Therefore, do to resent study and factual proof, the 1969 lunar landing never actually occurred the way America perceived it to through pictures, video footage, and detailed explanations. While this paper deals with the theory that man indeed never did reach the moon, all readers must understand that not everyone agrees with this.Most of Americas population ignorantly feels that Apollo 11, with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin was thefirst Apollo flight to land on the Moon, on July 20, 1969. While Collins flew in orbit around the Moon in the command module, Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the lunar module, landing in the Sea of Tranquillity.Some of their back up for attacks against the unlikely hood of the hoax are as follows: In regards to the unseen stars, they support it by stating the stars are there! We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Aspects of Differentiation within Subject Specialisms Essays

Aspects of Differentiation within Subject Specialisms Essays Aspects of Differentiation within Subject Specialisms Essay Aspects of Differentiation within Subject Specialisms Essay The aim of this essay is to analyse the main strategies of differentiation employed within secondary science to aid effective pupil learning and to reflect upon its ability to achieve intended learning outcomes. The main focus of this study will be to evaluate the mode of differentiation by grouping and its interplay with various other forms of separation due to differences. Secondary data will be used to gain an overall perspective of methods of grouping and its implementation, attitudes towards the variety of grouping strategies and outcomes of the various approaches. Primary data will give an insight into various strategies in action and will aim to take an in depth look at aspects of differentiation within the science department of a mixed comprehensive school (school X). Research for this study includes primary data obtained during placement at school X, and secondary data from a variety of reference sources. We can define differentiation as any process which divides pupils into subgroups which are then exposed to different educational experiences. Differentiation then covers a great range of phenomena from the allocation of pupils to different classes, subjects, sets, streams, bands or tracks within the same school, to the different treatment of pupils in the same classroom. (Smith 1981). Differentiation by ability grouping has had a long history as a key practice within UK schools. The definition above points to a number of methods which have been employed in education over more than half a century. Streaming was the favoured practice of the 1950s, and continued to dominate into the 1960s spreading beyond the realms of the secondary school into junior schools. Equality in education became the dominating policy of the 1970s and 1980s and thus a surge in the adoption of a mixed-ability grouping strategy was seen at this time. Ability grouping reappeared in the 1990s with government policy stating setting as a preferable approach (Boaler et al 2000). Unless a school can demonstrate that it is getting better than expected results through a different approach, we do make the presumption that setting should be the norm in secondary schools. (DfEE 1997) Streaming involves placing pupils in a class within their year group with regard to ability. It encompasses all subjects, thus those deemed to be most able are placed in the top stream and will remain in this grouping for all subject areas and the opposite is true for those considered to be least able they will be placed in bottom streams for all subjects. Mixed-ability grouping is a complete contradiction to streaming, as the name suggests it is the formation of classes containing pupils of a varied mixture of aptitudes. Setting like streaming is also a form of ability grouping but involves allocation to the most appropriate class with regard to ability within a particular subject specialism. The 1990s evolution of grouping from mixed-ability to sets may have occurred for a number of reasons, suggestions include; schools perception of the 1988 Education Reform Act as constraining, teachers views that mixed-ability teaching became incompatible with the tightening grip of the national curriculum, the assertion that setting is a popular ideology with middle class parents and the DfEE consensus that mixed-ability grouping was failing to address the needs of every child (Boaler et al 2000). Regardless of the origins of the change ability grouping is now widespread within secondary education in accordance with the White Paper Excellence in Schools (DfEE 1997) which stated that by 2002 we will have all schools setting pupils by ability. In practice it was noted by the Key Stage 3 National Strategy (2002) that, setting in Key Stage 3 science varies across schools although they did indicate that, most organise Year 9 pupils in ability sets and also that, more than half of all secondary schools organise Year 8 into ability sets. The science department at school X appears to follow the approach of the majority of schools its grouping policy is one of ability setting at the Year 8 level (Appendix 1). Even though setting is now customary practice within mainstream secondary schools it must be pointed out that the process by which it occurs is of great diversity (Ireson et al 2002). Ireson et al point to a number of practices associated with pupil placement with the most common being the use of internal school tests and examinations. In addition to these sources of information teacher judgement, pupil behaviour, motivation and social relationships were also influential factors. Observations and discussions with staff at school X reveal that it uses similar practices to those pointed out in the study by Ireson et al. Internal school tests are carried out at the end of each module and this in association with classwork, homework and teacher judgement form the predominant basis for grouping. Appendix 2 a-c gives an indication of assessed work within a mixed-ability Year 7 group before setting. The sample shows the degree of variation in ability within a class before placement, pupil A who obtained the highest mark on the internal test attained a place in the top set, pupil B with a mid range mark was placed in a middle set and pupil C who obtained a low mark was placed in a low set. The setting procedure at school X is constantly under review, assessments are commonplace after each module and continued evaluation allows for regular re-examination of the attribution of pupils to particular sets. Appendix 2 also highlights one of the major difficulties of mixed-ability grouping and advantages of setting. The degree of variation in ability observed within the provided sample gives an indication as to the difficulty faced by a teacher attempting to teach pupils at either end of the ability spectrum within the same class. A recent study of teachers opinions towards ability grouping indicated that there was an overwhelming consensus that teaching and classroom management were aided by setting (Hallam et al 2003). The DfEE stated in 1997 that, mixed-ability grouping has not proved capable of playing to the strengths of every child. (DfEE 1997). Setting at that time was seen as the answer to raising levels of achievement (Capel et al 1995). Although more recently with the setting policy very much in place it has been found that, There is no clear statistical link between the extent of setting in schools and the attainment of pupils (OfSTED 2001). Research is drawing attention to the possibility that setting not unlike mixed-ability grouping is besieged by its own concoction of intricate problems. There is a question mark over the ability of schools to accurately place pupils in the correct set, it has been indicated that factors other than ability and attainment may be influencing the procedure and creating room for error. These additional levering factors have also been indicated as contributory to the formation of unbalanced groups with regard to social class, ethnicity and gender (Ireson et al 2002). Tomlinson (1987:106) reports that, Factors related to class, gender, ethnicity and behaviour can be shown to affect the placement of pupils at option time, even those of similar ability. Compounding the concern that pupils are being placed in the wrong sets is the worry that once attributed to a particular set there is little scope for movement. It has been asserted that there can be practical difficulties accompanying group movement, constraints such as group size and curriculum organisation may factor. Also a lack of general in school assessment may contribute. The lack of scope for movement is thought to be of major concern when considering pupil motivation, the opportunity to advance to a higher set is thought to be a considerable motivational factor to those within the lower sets (Ireson et al 2002). In addition to the effect on motivation concerns have been raised as to the effect setting may have on self-esteem and general school self concept. Much research has focused on the inequities of ability grouping especially for the students within the low sets increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the system and its perpetuation of low self esteem and poor general school self concept for these pupils. This has for a long time been seen as an unfortunate symptom of the ability grouping process and has generally been brushed aside for the more favourable view that setting is advantageous and enhances the experiences of top set pupils. Recent research however has begun to bring to light what has been described as the top set effect; this has been accredited to negative effects of pressure causing anxiety and unhappiness for some pupils placed in high groups (Boaler 1997). Teachers opinions were found to be in agreement with the view of low self-esteem developing in those of low attainment they also believed that these pupils were in danger of being alienated and this situation cultivating difficult behaviour. They were nevertheless in disagreement as to the affects on high achieving pupils they retained the view that grouping was beneficial for these pupils and maximised their attainment also shielding them from negative peer pressure (Hallam et al 2003). There appears to be the risk of considerable problems with both mixed-ability grouping and setting. The DfEEs concerns that mixed-ability grouping was failing to address the needs of every child (Boaler et al 2000) would not be misplaced if also attributed to setting. Certain areas in both methods of grouping need addressing to ensure optimum success. The Key Stage 3 National Strategy 2002 highlights factors which may encourage greater success for setting they include, close teamwork, cooperative planning and careful monitoring by science staff to make sure that pupils can move from set to set as their progress demands and that expectations for all pupils are suitably high (www. tandards. dfes. gov. uk). It may be pointed out that to address the needs of every child a more individualistic approach may be required whatever the adopted grouping strategy (Postlethwaite 1993). Ireson et al 2002 also points to this fact and stresses that, Teachers may need to be reminded that sets are not homogenous. Thus in addition to differentiation by grouping other forms of differentiation with a more in depth regard for the individual must take place. If it is to be taken into account that even in a setting environment groups are not homogenous (Ireson et al 2002) then consideration as to whether or not a pupil may need to be given a separate task or if a different outcome needs to be expected should be taken into account. This problem was highlighted by OFSTED, secondary schools need to give attention to matching work more effectively to the knowledge and skills of pupils of different abilities (OFSTED 1993). Differentiation by task involves students within the same classroom either receiving different tasks or using different routes to complete the same task (Hall 1997). This strategy was observed in practice at school X, separate worksheets were used to provide the same learning outcome for all pupils and were mainly used as an aid to pupils of lower ability, those with literacy problems or those who were struggling to keep up with the pace of work of the rest of the class. This form of differentiation by task was employed both within a class and between sets. The use of such worksheets was observed in a year 8 middle ability set (Appendix 3a,b,c and d). It was a single period lesson and was an addition to the national curriculum scheme of work: unit 8L: Light, the lesson involved learning the parts of the eye and how light travels through the eye. The lesson began with closed questions regarding the work that had been carried out in the previous lesson, all pupils responded well and were keen to answer questions. A model of the eye was then used to demonstrate the appearance of the inner eye and to indicate the names of the different parts. The model was also utilised in explaining the path light takes through the eye, how and where an image is focused and how the information passes to the brain. Worksheets were then handed to the class by the teacher, appendices 3a and b were handed to the majority of the class with the exception of two pupils who had difficulties with literacy and were given appendices 3c and d. From looking at the worksheets the differences are obvious, 3a provides detailed descriptions of the different parts of the eye this sheet is coupled with 3b where detailed labels are expected on the diagram. Alternatively 3c has a much more basic layout with word cues already in place, the crossword that follows has descriptions in a simpler form using basic language. The same learning outcome is intended regardless of the worksheet received. When closed questions were used as a plenary successful learning outcomes appeared to have been achieved for all pupils. Differentiation by task appeared to be successful in the situation described at school X although there is a lack of provision with regard to worksheets for pupils at the more able end of the ability spectrum. After several weeks observations at school X the opportunity arose to teach the aforementioned year 8 group a similar lesson to the one described above. It was a single period lesson from the national curriculum scheme of work: Unit 8L: Sound and Hearing (Appendix 4), the lesson involved learning the parts of the ear and how sound is conveyed through the ear and transferred to the brain (Appendix 5). A starter of closed questions was used to review the work of the previous lesson on how sound travels through different substances. This was followed by a description of the anatomy of the ear using a model and this was built on using a PowerPoint slide to describe how sound vibrations pass through the ear and transmit to the brain. Worksheets were then distributed using the same protocol as the observed teacher; designated worksheets with more basic language were given to the pupils with literacy difficulties. In addition to these sheets extension question sheets were prepared for the more able pupils in the group who were working at a faster pace (Appendix 6). As in the observed lesson questions were used as a plenary exercise to review the work covered, all pupils were willing to impart answers to these questions and it was therefore concluded that objectives had been met (Appendix 7). Differentiation by task appears to work as a successful strategy at school X no problems were encountered in either the observed or taught lessons. A greater use of extension sheets for more able students may need to be addressed if their needs are to be fully catered for. This positive outcome however is in contradiction to a number of research studies, such as Hall (1997) that found this method of differentiation caused, students to become demotivated and even damaged as they appeared to perceive themselves as different from their peers. The perception of being different and being labelled within the class as being of lower ability was seen to not only demotivate but have a strong effect on self-esteem, this was proposed as a possible cause of declining behavioural standards (Hall 1997). The same study also made suggestions that differentiation by task should where possible be replaced by a mode of peer collaboration to alleviate problems encountered. This suggestion was also made by Turner and DiMarco (1998), the focus of much science work on group activity allows some pupils who are weak in certain skills to be supported by their friends. Differentiation is not simply about providing an extension worksheet for the faster pupils and a different worksheet for the slower pupils (Turner and DiMarco 1998). Neither is it solely a matter of grouping pupils with regard to ability, as stated by Postlethwaite (1993), children differ from one another in a great variety of ways, many of which are relevant to their work as pupils in school. The 1988 Education Reform Act highlighted the need for use of various teaching approaches to encompass the variety of learning styles. Differentiation of pupils by learning styles is a popular conception with educationalists and is strongly linked with the modality theory of learning styles and Gardners theory of multiple intelligences (Klein 2003). The modality theory suggests that there are differences in the perceptual channels through which pupils learn and that different groups learn through different channels and this needs to be accommodated for to maximise learning. Gardners theory is broader than this and suggests there are eight cognitive modules or eight different intelligences an individual is thought to possess a unique profile of intelligence with differing strengths and weakness in the different modules (Klein 2003). The eight intelligences laid down by Gardner are: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist. His theory was not originally developed to become an educational framework but has nonetheless become an influential educational tool (Hopper and Hurry 2000). Gardner himself stated in the Times Educational Supplement (March 1995) that, the best possibility is when teachers use MI theory as a way of looking at kids more carefully. Im interested in whether it helps people notice differences they havent seen before. In utilising multiple intelligence theory to realise the individual and the individuals needs emphasis must then be placed on encompassing the variety of learning styles within set teaching strategies. This is emphasised by Bourdillon and Storey (2002) who suggest that Gardners theory, reminds us that a one size fits all method of teaching and learning is unlikely to produce uniformly high learning gains in classrooms. Although a one size fits all method may not be a successful strategy in practical terms devising a lesson to envelop eight different intelligence modalities is stretching the realms of even the most inventive teacher. This limitation was taken on board by Keogh and Naylor (2002), although teachers may not be able to plan to meet individual preferences, offering a broad range of learning styles will be helpful to all pupils. A survey carried out among year 8 pupils at school X gave an indication of learning styles through choice of activity (Appendix 8). A choice of activities covering a range of multiple intelligence modalities were included on the survey and pupils were asked to put activities in order of preference. Pupils within set 1 gave a high priority to practical and computer work, those in set 3 also favoured practicals but also placed poster creation as a preferable activity, set 5 had slightly different preferences moving away from practical work to select posters, videos and computer work (Appendix 9a-c). The results indicate a high priority for kinaesthetic and visual tasks rather than linguistic activities. However the survey is but a brief snapshot to give an indication of the variety of learning styles which can be found within any one year group. The investigation has taken into consideration a number of methods of differentiation namely grouping, task setting and learning styles. With regard to grouping, extensive discussion and evaluation of the research available fails to appropriate a clear preferable technique of group organisation. The general consensus from the point of view of teachers is that setting provides a preferable environment to achieve learning goals (Hallam et al 2003). This is however purely based upon what is perceived as a more congenial teaching situation and fails to take into account other issues raised such as the creation of low self-esteem for low ability pupils and anxiety for high achieving students (Boaler 1997). Differentiation by task setting appeared successful within the confines of limited practical research secondary studies viewed this method with a greater air of caution gathering worrying findings as to the effects on low ability pupils (Hall 1997). Focusing on individual differences with regard to learning style appears to attract considerable praise and seems to be a method that can only enhance the quality of education within the classroom although it may have its limitations within the stringent framework of the national curriculum. In overview differentiation is summed eloquently by Turner and DiMarco (1998:110), Adopting a differentiated approach to teaching is a matter of being on the lookout for opportunities to guide, encourage and support your pupils in as many ways as possible, using whatever resources, processes and tactics seem appropriate.

Definition and Examples of Interior Monologues

Definition and Examples of Interior Monologues In both fiction and nonfiction, an interior monologue is the expression of a characters thoughts, feelings, and impressions in a narrative. An interior monologue may be either direct or indirect: direct, in which the author seems not to exist and the interior self of the character is given directly, as though the reader were overhearing an articulation of the stream of thought and feeling flowing through the characters mind;indirect, in which the author serves as selector, presenter, guide, and commentator. (W. Harmon and H. Holman, A Handbook to Literature, 2006) Interior Monologues in Fiction   I looked into the reception room. It was empty of everything but the smell of dust. I threw up another window, unlocked the communicating door and went into the room beyond. Three hard chairs and a swivel chair, flat desk with a glass top, five green filing cases, three of them full of nothing, a calendar and a framed license bond on the wall, a phone, a washbowl in a stained wood cupboard, a hatrack, a carpet that was just something on the floor, and two open windows with net curtains that puckered in and out like the lips of a toothless old man sleeping.The same stuff I had had last year, and the year before that. Not beautiful, not gay, but better than a tent on the beach.(Raymond Chandler, The High Window, 1942)How much better is silence; the coffee cup, the table. How much better to sit by myself like the solitary sea-bird that opens its wings on the stake. Let me sit here for ever with bare things, this coffee cup, this knife, this fork, things in themselves, myself being m yself. Do not come and worry me with your hints that it is time to shut the shop and be gone. I would willingly give all my money that you should not disturb me but let me sit on and on, silent, alone. (Virginia Woolf, The Waves, 1931) Interior Monologue in Tom Wolfe's Nonfiction [I]nterior monologue is appropriate with nonfiction, provided theres fact to back it up. We cant get into a characters head because we suppose, or imagine, or deduce thats what he or she would be thinking. We have to know!See how Tom Wolfe does it in his book about the space program, The Right Stuff. At the outset he explained that his style was developed to grab the readers attention, to absorb them. . . . He wanted to get into the heads of his characters, even if this was nonfiction. And so, at an astronauts press conference, he quotes a reporters question on who was confident about coming back from space. He describe the astronauts looking at one another and hoisting their hands in the air. Then, hes into their heads: It really made you feel like an idiot, raising your hand this way. If you didnt think you were coming back, then you would really have to be a fool or a nut to have volunteered at all. . . . He goes on for a full page, and in writing this way Wolfe has transcended usual nonfiction style; hes offered characterization and motivation, two fiction writing techniques that can bring the reader in lockstep with the writer. Interior monologue provides a chance to see inside the heads of characters, and we know that the more familiar a reader is with a character, the more the reader embraces that character. (William Noble, Writing Nonfiction- Using Fiction. The Portable Writers Conference, 2nd ed., ed. by Stephen Blake Mettee. Quill Driver, 2007) Stylistic Characteristics of Interior Monologue Sentence fragments may be treated as interior monologue (direct speech) or regarded as part of an adjoining stretch of free  indirect speech.Interior monologue may also contain traces of non-verbal thought. While more formal interior monologue uses the first-person pronoun and finite verbs in the present tense, He [Stephen] lifted his feet up from the suck [of the sand] and turned back by the mole of boulders. Take all, keep all. My soul walks with me, form of forms. [. . .] The flood is following me. I can watch it flow past from here. (Ulysses iii; Joyce 1993: 37; my emphasis) In Ulysses James Joyce conducts more radical experiments with the form of the interior monologue, especially in his representation of the thoughts of Leopold Bloom and his wife, Molly. He eschews full sentences with finite verbs in favour of incomplete, often verbless syntagms which simulate Blooms mental leaps as he associates ideas: Hymes jotting down something in his notebook. Ah, the names. But he knows them all. No: coming to me. - I am just taking the names, Hynes said below his breath. What is your christian name? Im not sure. In this example, Blooms impressions and speculations are confirmed by Hynes remarks. (Monika Fludernik, An Introduction to Narratology. Routledge, 2009) Stream of Consciousness and Interior Monologue Although stream of consciousness and interior monologue are often used interchangeably, the former is the more general term. Interior monologue, strictly defined, is a type of stream of consciousness. As such, it presents a characters thoughts, emotions, and fleeting sensations to the reader. Unlike stream of consciousness more generally, however, the ebb and flow of the psyche revealed by interior monologue typically exists at a pre- or sublinguistic level, where images and the connotations they evoke supplant the literal denotative meanings of words. (Ross Murfin and Supryia M. Ray, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2nd ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2003)

The Ginge Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ginge Industry - Essay Example The demand for space has driven exploration and globalization. Its value has not just been recognized economically but also socially as an element of culture and scientifically for its potential in pharmacology and medicine. Considering the Europe naval race for the Asian spice islands which laid the foundation for imperialism in the 14th and 15th century, there is no doubt that it is an industry of world importance. One of the spices that have figured well in the spice trade is ginger, a spice that seems inconsequential today but was once considered as an indication of class and culture (Hutton & Cassio 2003). Estimates of the global spice industry have been generally positive, growing by about 5% since 1998 (Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO] 2005). The industry is dominated by India followed by Indonesia and China, which is exhibiting the most significant growth in recent years (see Appendix A). Spice production in Thailand from 1998 to 2001 list garlic, ginger, hot pepper, chili pepper, shallot, clove and pepper as key products (â€Å"Ginger† 2003). In previous years, there has been a focus on peppers because of rising in world prices. However, subsequent declines in global indices have also been credited for the deceleration of the industry. Appendix A also documents the 2001 standing of the Thai spice industry worldwide. Based on estimates done by the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MAC), it estimates the value of the industry to US$19.36 million in 2001 (FAO 2005). As seen in Appendix B, pepper cultivation represents the bulk of spice production in country. Thus, though there has been decline in the price of the commodity, the size of its market supports its role as primary spice commodity for the country. The bulk of revenues from the trade of spices are supported significant domestic consumption but the main motivation for players in the Thai spice industry is to supply international demand. As seen in Appendix C, Thai spice exports make up the majority of total production. Ginger Cultivation and Trade China holds market leadership in the ginger category, 25% of the total world production, eclipsing spice trade leader India ("Ginger", 2003). However, though China ranks as the world's leader in production, export of ginger has been dominated by Japan. This is because much of China's production has been directed to its domestic markets (FAO 2005). Cultivation of ginger was

Debate about the true market value of Telstra shares and about the Essay

Debate about the true market value of Telstra shares and about the financial management of the company - Essay Example Aside from the aforementioned services, it is also involved in the provision of cable distribution and management of business information technology or telecommunication services. The company also provides wholesale services to other carriers, carriage service providers, and Internet service providers (Telstra Corporation Limited 1). The company has made its IPO (initial public offering) in 1991. Currently, the company is under joint public/private ownership, with the Australian government holding 51.8% of its share as of the mid-2005 (Telstra 1). The privatization of Telstra has begun in the late 1990’s by the coalition government. However, full privatization which would mean divesting all the government’s shares had been blocked until the 14th of September 2005. The true value of the company’s stock is currently under hot speculation from the different industry players. Experts assert that the company’s stock is overvalued as some financial information were revealed to the government, the company’s largest stakeholder yet remained concealed to the remaining 1.6 million shareholders. The company had allegedly borrowed US$500 million from its reserves to cover its dividend payout in 2005 and another US$2.5 billion for its dividend obligations in 2006. It was also reported that the company needs a minimum of US$3 billion cash outlay in order to rehabilitate its faulty lines. This investment is necessary as Telstra Limited Corporation had not been making investments to maintain its lines (Haynes 20-21). This information significantly affected the value of the telecommunication giant as investors become wary of the true performance of the company and its future directions. During the first week of September, the market value of its stocks plunged to its lowest in two years. Stock prices further dipped reaching $4.00. After its IPO in 1997, Telstra Corporation Limited has become a profitable investment in security, giving healthy

Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation

Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation

Frank Lloyd Wright Essay

As an architect, Frank Lloyd Wright pushed the American boundaries of art, and for over seventy years he envisioned and physically brought to the world his vision of space, buildings, and a slight avant-guard construction in architecture. Wright, as an architect in the late 19th and early 20th century became synonymous with Prairie style houses as well as organic architecture. In the following essay his exploits in the endeavor of architecture, as well as his career from early in his life to his later life will be examined. â€Å"Frank Lloyd Wright introduced the word ‘organic’ into his philosophy of architecture as early as 1908. It was an extension of the teachings of his mentor Louis Sullivan whose slogan â€Å"form follows function† became the mantra of modern architecture. Wright changed this phrase to â€Å"form and function are one,† using nature as the best example of this integration. † (Elman). It is with great accolades that Wright is thought of as one of America’s best architects, and with innovative style, his uncompromising nature as an artist, and his unyielding artistic view Wright is still considered to be ahead of his time (Ken Burns). Wright studied at the University of Wisconsin at Madison but soon learned he had a great passion for architecture and so moved to Chicago. In Chicago he teamed up with architect J. L. Silsbee. After this apprenticeship, Wright moved on to the firm Sullivan and Adler. It is with Louis Sullivan that Wright began to establish himself as an architect, as Westcott House states, â€Å"As an apprentice to Louis Sullivan, Wright shared Sullivan’s desire to create uniquely American architecture and to rebound from the chaotic restlessness in American architecture of the late 1800s. † Although this conglomeration was beneficial for Wright, he eventually discovered that he was more interested in residential architecture, and broke with the firm in 1893 to begin his own business Oak Park Studio in Oak Park Illinois. (Westcott). Although the tutelage that Sullivan offered to Wright was slightly traditional in scope, Wright managed to extrapolate from Sullivan and Adler the beginnings of his own ideas of space and architecture. In the architectural world, buildings were still being built as traditional and classical, along the lines of Greek facades, and clean, straight lines; mostly boxed shaped and unimaginative (Library). In this awkward and banal stage of architecture, Wright turned his attention to the Far East, for he found no muse with the Occident. It was with Japanese style and tradition that Wright created the Winslow House (1939), as Westcott states, â€Å"From Japan, he borrowed the concept of the tokonama, a permanent element in the home and the focus of contemplation and ceremony. What is tokonama in Wright’s work? The hearth. The hearth is often the vertical axis from which the horizontal floors radiate. † Frank Lloyd Wright’s early style was not yet as progressive as his later works such as the Guggenheim. In 1909 Wright traveled to Europe. It was in Europe that Wright became more independent with his ideas of architecture. While most of the architectural world was focusing on the denial of the machine and technology, Wright was fully embracing the concept as Blake writes, †¦between 1889, when Wright built the first section of his house in Oak Park, and 1909, twenty years later, when his first two most beautiful Prairie houses – the one for Avery Coonley and Frederick C. Robie, respectively-were completed, Wright had actually built something like 140 houses and other structures! In addition, he had completed nearly fifty project for various clients, and many of these were widely published and exhibited. Indeed, Wright’s work took up an increasing share of the annual exhibitions at the Chicago Architectural Club from 1894 onward†¦unlike the latter-day functionalists, Wright never believed that the machine look was an essential result of machine fabrication. ‘This plain duty (of dominating the machine) is relentlessly marked out for the artist in this, the Machine Age. ’ (Blake, 315). Contemporary America was embellished with style works involved purely in height and construction materials, Wright was indulging his artistry in a completely different light. Although Wright was a great experimentalist, he also delved into the idea of space, and how space functions. Even in his early career, in works such as FLLW Home and Studio and Unity Chapel (Heinz), that expressed his Shingle Style, Wright was still very much obsessed with how space can be manipulated by the materials, or lack of materials around it, as Scully writes, Through all these experiments in spatial continuity and abstract control Wright never entirely abandoned the rectangular module, nor did he ever entirely lose sight of European achievements†¦Wright remained, too, more sculpturally aggressive than the Europeans were at that period. His sculpture has the double quality of seeming almost solid and yet being fully expressive of his deeper considerations, the hollow of interior space. The Lloyd Lewis House of 1940 is an excellent embodiment of this expressive union (Scully, 27). Throughout Wright’s entire career, the objective of union was pressing for him. Again, it was with the machine that Wright found a way in which art and environment engaged with one another. With steel and concrete Wright focused his attention on structure, and the advances that these materials made were innumerable especially when considering the Charnley residence. Though this house was built during his Sullivan years, Wright still harbored what would be known as his personal style, or even the influential Chicago style (Blake, 276) and the key element of modernity. The house is of a geometric shape, three stories high, with ‘Roman’ brick, or elongated brick, and the composition involved basic classical symmetry. Wright, in his early career focused much of his architecture with the block system. He enjoyed using rectangular shapes, and incorporated the classical manner with the base of the building, truncated masonry shafts, and a slab roof (Blake). The Charnley house was built in 1891, and exhibited the box look that Wright quickly shied away from as it was too pedestrian and stale for any modern way of approaching architecture. He did however stick with this block system for a few more years and produced dramatic houses as Scully states, Wright went on to exploit his block system in many other houses which were as appropriate as the Millard House to the California landscape. In the Storer House he developed the blocks as piers and opened the building into an articulated pavilion; in the Freeman House he dramatized the system with great beams and elaborated the patterns and perforations of surface which the blocks made possible. The Ennis House used its hill as a Mayan temple base and loomed at the top like something from Tikal. But the twenties were not rich in commissions for Wright, and his sometimes rather desperate search for stimulus led him to other Indian forms, as in the Lake Tahoe Summer Colony project of 1922, where the cottages not only closely evoked the shaped of the pines around them but also resembled the tepees of the Plains Indians. (Scully, 25). From the rectangle to the circle, Wright advanced in architecture and his ideas of what form should contain as Davis states, â€Å"Frank’s designs gradually evolved from rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal forms toward designs based on circle. Some circular forms first appeared in solar residences, such as the Jacobses’ second house. † (108). It is with this evolutionary concept that Wright made his mark in the architectural world. While in Europe, Wright was witness to various designs that incorporated environment in their composition. The strict adherence of the block that was so popular in America at the time had no niche in European style. Wright enjoyed seeing the German styles ebb and flow with their construction materials and he was undoubtedly convinced of their superior performance as part of the landscape than were skyscrapers (i. e. Sears Tower, and others) that were being aggrandized in America in the early 20th century. The epiphany that introduced itself to Wright while in Europe can best be attributed to Raymond, and as Secrest states, What was equally distressing for Wright, perhaps, was a contemplation of the direction that modern art was clearly taking. If he had seen flowing movements in Germany closely, as no doubt he had, he should have seen the similarities between the landscape Raymond had painted, to which he had taken such a dislike, and similar landscapes painted by Kandinsky in 1909. Raymond’s exaggerated distortions of line and color and his radical simplification of the actual scene being illustrated, all of which were meant to produce a far great emotional impact than, say the serene and naturalistic landscapes of the Impressionists, were in the accepted manner of the new group of Expressionist painters†¦Wright somehow knew that Expressionism and its closely related school, Abstractionism, were taking art, and architecture along with it, down a path to which he would become absolutely opposed. (Secrest, 234). So, it was not with Expressionism that Wright found a kindred spirit but with Abstractionism that the revolution of architecture grabbed hold of Wright. The trip, and later trips to Europe greatly impressed Wright, however, it must not be surpassed that his own Midwest upbringing had great influence in his style. Wright brought to the architectural world the Prairie style . This included low sloping rooflines, cantilevered overhangs that juxtaposed the concrete and windows that in turn created an horizontal line that gave the style the name Prairie (Westcott House). The natural landscape was a great influence on Wright throughout the breadth of his career, as Blake states, There was no chance for a free, democratic architecture, Wright felt, until man could make buildings unbend, until the building could be shaped by the desired flow of space in any and all direction. Such buildings would be truly ‘organic,’ for not only did they express the aspirations of free men to free space, but they also expressed a kind of structure that had within it all the elements of living things in nature-muscles, tendons, fibers, skin-all woven together into a single organism acting in unison†¦To Wright, American architecture had to be Nature’s architecture-organic, flexible, free. Conversely, he felt, all straight, post-and-beam architecture was, in effect, an expression of a straight-laced, autocratic, European concept of society. (Blake, 340). With the notion of organism, and the organic Wright left his early architectural ‘block’ years and traversed into his more controversial buildings such as the Usonian Houses. One very spectacular Usonian style was the Turkel house, built in Detroit in 1955. Usonian architecture occurred much later in Wrights career, and was an antithesis to how urban architecture was becoming in America; Usonian was ‘anti-urbania’. Though Wright is well known for his residential buildings, he also liked to maintain the involvement of nature in buildings. Usonian buildings were seen as a sanctuary for Wright, one in which a person could feel rejuvenated and not pressed in by the foreboding buildings of the city. Wright taught his Taliesin Fellowship apprentices that architecture is about emotion and the expression of that emotion with reference to the landscape in which the building will reside. This reflection of nature in art would soothe the occupant’s spirit, and thus the philosophy of architecture for Wright in his later career was that of fluidity in design in all aspects. The Usonian ideal built itself out of this philosophical outlook and ten Ohio projects were finished after World War Two (Westcott House). The Usonian design can best be described with the Jacob’s house built in 1937. The culmination of flawless design and organic architecture proved to apex with the Jacob’s house. Wright still had a decade plus left in his career, but the joining of his ideas and construction materials can best exhibited with the Jacob’s House as McDonough states, Wright included other design innovations in the Jacobs house, such as the use of glass, stained wood, and brick walls in order to eliminate the need for paint, varnish, plaster, and wallpaper,. In place of a cellar, Wright tripled storage space with a row of closets running the length of the outside wall of the bedroom corridor. Holed piercing the house’s roof overhangings conducted rainwater into drains in the foundation blab, eliminating gutters and downspouts. He replaced the garage with a carport that was walled on only two sides and connected to the front entry. Wright removed doors from kitchen cabinets, abolished light fixtures and radiators, and designed much of the furniture himself. (McDonough, 92). Wright had complete control over this house and its construction, right down to the furniture. He was completely in power for every inch of the plans. The innovation involved in the Usonian style was progressive. The layout of the house, with the absence of gutters was very non-traditional. Though Wright’s contribution to architecture was expansive, until 1949, he was not fully recognized by the American Institute of Architects . Wright was criticized for his somewhat post-modern glimpse into the world of architecture. His organic style though praised overseas in Europe did not win a large audience in the states, â€Å"Despite the face that Frank had never joined the American Institute of Architects and over the years had been quite critical of its members, he received their prestigious gold medal in 1949. Ironically, Frank cherished this award more than any other. At last, he had received the highest of honors from professionals in his own country. † (Davis, 119). This was a great moment in Wright’s career, previously rebuffed by the American architectural community for being avant-guard, he now owned a captivated audience, and from his Prairie, to his Usonian style, Wright was still breaking architectural boundaries. Wright was the leading architect in the Chicago style as can be exhibited with his Charnley residence, as previously stated, and from his Shingle style in his early career, the block style which he quickly abandoned to the Usonian and Oriental style residencies, he came to be one of America’s leading architects. He lead the trends in buildings, and surpassed the ideals of the classical, Greek look to come to his own influenced Oriental style houses such as the Guggenheim museum. Wright was being recognized the world over as an innovative and purely pioneering architect, †¦Wright’s genius began to be recognized and honored throughout the world. The Royal Institute of British Architects awarded Wright a gold medal (1939), he was inducted into the National Academy of Architects in both Uruguay (1941) and Mexico (1942), and he was invited to represent the United States at the International Convention of Architects in Moscow 91937). On the domestic scene, he received honorary degrees from Wesleyan, Yale, Princeton, and the University of Wisconsin. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City held an extensive retrospective of Wright’s work from November 1940 to January 1941, and he was featured in the Masters of Four Arts Exhibition at Harvard’s Fogg Museum along with French sculptor Aristide Maillol, Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, and Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. (McDonough, 100). With this recognition, Wright is still known throughout the world today as one of America’s best architects. His buildings scope the expanse of seventy years worth of work. He used a myriad of styles and ideas to construct buildings and in his imaginative approach he created for architects a way in which nature twined with machine, and through his Usonian concepts, conglomerated into a work of not just construction materials, but art. In the culmination of Wright’s career, the apex can best be attributed to his plans and development of the Guggenheim museum. World renowned for its genius in design, the Guggenheim museum offered Wright the chance to display his Oriental concepts in a building that was purely his own. In the development of its lines, its structure, its very shape, denied the urbania movement in American architecture, in fact nothing in the world existed quite like the Guggenheim, nor is it imitated to the degree for which Wright conceptualized it. In its flowing movements of the outbuilding, to its naturalistic color scheme of clay, did Wright ever produce something so similar to an organism in nature. The Guggenheim museum was a statement for Wright; one in which he favored the ideas of going against the mainstream popular notion of steel construction in a city. With the Guggenheim, again, Wright created the antithesis to the city, he gave the city something natural, which made the building stand out even more- the steel surroundings and glass were eclipsed with the clay design of the Guggenheim, The Guggenheim Museum was almost finished when Wright died in April 1959. Apart from its importance as a plastic statement, it is important as Wright’s last slap at the city. No building could be designed to fit less well into the established urban pattern-and that, in Wright’s view, was about as great a compliment as you could pay a building. Both in form and in its clay color the Guggenheim Museum looks like a growing organism in a graveyard-not pretty, but certainly alive and kicking. Its exterior is perhaps a little too plain and crudely finished-one of the few unornamented Wright buildings, perhaps because Wright wanted nothing to distract from the boldness of the principal statement. But the chances are that when the planting begins to trail over the curved parapets, the Guggenheim Museum may look a good deal softer than it did on its opening day-almost mellow toward its surroundings†¦(Blake, 379-380). In its lack of conformity, Wright made his architectural statement best with the Guggenheim museum. The organic shapes, from the outside as well as the inside lead the viewer to fully engross themselves in a mixture of light and air, which are common sensations exhibited with Usonian works. The exhibition area is a concave dome with a glass covering at the top. The space inside the museum creates the atmosphere of fluidity so prevalent in Wright’s designs. The genius of the art museum is that Wright had a completely new concept of how art should be displayed. The spiral’s continuity allows the viewer to see art in an uninterrupted fashion and the narrow galleries allow the viewer to become involved in the art because they are seemingly accosted by it, forced to view it. (Janson, 37). It is with organic form that Wright can best be remembered as an architect. The organic form is prevalent even in his early Prairie house style, though the block style does not exactly call attention to this. His organic style is one that developed from Wright’s love of the Orient, and the early Japanese houses he accomplished. Wright was not simply interested in the art of organic architecture but in the philosophy behind the designs, as he writes, Many people have wondered about an Oriental quality they see in my work. I suppose it is true that when we speak of organic architecture, we are speaking of something that is more Oriental than Western. The answer is: my work is, in that deeper philosophic sense, Oriental. These ideals have not been common to the whole people of the Orient; but there was Laotse, for instance. Our society has never known the deeper Taoist mind. The Orientals must have had the sense of it, whatever may have been their consideration for it, and they instinctively built that way. Their instinct was right. So this gospel of organic architecture still has more in sympathy and in common with Oriental thought than it has with any other thing the West has ever confessed. (Wright, 218-219). Wright’s mark in the architectural world is strongly tied with his philosophy of the organic. Wright, while talking about instinct, developed for future architects a way in which buildings gave residents a sense of something natural in space. The walls, the ceilings, the floors in each of Wright’s buildings each gave a sense of heightened space, of air and light moving naturally through the framework of the lines of the building. Wright did not like to see limitation in architecture, but chose to see possibility. In this possibility such works as the Imperial Hotel, Fallingwater, Johnson Wax and the Guggenheim were each created. It is the possibility of space existing not separate from the design but twined with the environment, and harboring to the natural landscapes own detail that made Wright famous (as can be best seen in Fallingwater, where the house doesn’t disrupt the flow of water, but allows the building to converge with the water, and thus gives that fluidity so governed in Wright architecture). As Wright writes, But in this land of ours, richest on earth of all in old and new materials, architects must exercise well-trained imagination to see in each material, either natural or compounded plastics, their own inherent style. All materials may be beautiful, their beauty much or entirely depending upon how well they are used by the Architect. In our modern building we have the Stick. Stone. Steel. Pottery. Concrete. Glass. Yes, Pulp, too, as well as plastics. And since this dawning sense of the ‘within’ is the new reality, these will all give the main motif for any real building made from them. The materials of which the building is built will go far to determine its appropriate mass, its outline and, especially, proportion. Character is criterion in the form of any and every building or industrial product we can call Architecture in the light of this new ideal of the new order. (Wright, 61). In America still there exists Wright’s philosophy of the organic. It is with his use of light and space in his buildings that his career culminated in a worldwide acceptance of genius paired with artistic persuasion. The materials involved in creating a building are very harsh, they denote sharp lines, and geometrical alignment. Wright gave architecture a new and innovative way in which buildings could be unified with the earth. Modern architecture would not be the same if Wright had not developed the Usonian style, and thus give freedom from the block, and classical styles incorporated even today in architecture. Wright wrote, I learned to see wood as wood and learned to see concrete or glass or metal each for itself and all as themselves. Strange to say this required uncommon sustained concentration of uncommon imagination (we call it vision), demanded not only a new conscious approach to building but opened a new world of thought that would certainly tear down the old world completely. Each different material required a different handling, and each different handling as well as the material itself had new possibilities of use peculiar to the nature of each. Appropriate designs for one material would not be at all appropriate for any other material. In the light of this ideal of building form as an organic simplicity almost all architecture fell to the ground. That is to say, ancient buildings were obsolete in the light of the idea of space determining form from within, all materials modifying if indeed they did not create the ‘form’ when used with understanding according to the limitations of process and purpose (Wright, 23). For Wright, and other progressive architects today, function has a different meaning, one other than synonymous with blocks. And the shapes of buildings are forever changed with Wright’s organic style. Work Cited Blake, Peter. (1961). The Master Builders. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Burns, Ken. (1998). Frank Lloyd Wright. PBS home video. Burbank California. Davis, Frances A. (1996). Maverick Architect. Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis. Elman, Kimberly. Legacy Essays. Heinz, Thomas A. (1993). Frank Lloyd Wright Midwest Portfolio. Gibbs-Smith, Salt Lake City. Janson, H. W. & Anthony F. (1997). History of Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc, New York. Library. McDonough, Yona Zeldis. (1992). Frank Lloyd Wright. Chelsea House Publishers, New York. Scully, Vincent Jr. (1960). Frank Lloyd Wright. George Braziller, Inc. New York. Secrest, Meryle. (1992). Frank Lloyd Wright. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Westcott House. (2002). Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright, Frank Lloyd. (1954). The Natural House. Horizon Press, New York.

Poor Prognosis Experience - 851 Words

Poor Prognosis Experience Being newly diagnosed with poor prognosis can open doors to a variety of negative emotions, cognition, behaviour and physical pain, and many of which are devastating. There is no right way to react when given the bad news of a poor prognosis. It may come as a shock, the news may be so unbearable that the sufferer switch off, become silent or try to deny it. There are many physical, emotional cognitive and behavioural responses to poor prognosis. The experience is quit unique and each individual response varies. According to Letho and therrien (2009). Sudden illnesses, such as cancer leave individuals in a state of profound and emotional turmoil. Without any option or control of the situation anger and frustration takes hold. The person may feel angry with life , God or themself. Such anger is due to feeling trapped and having no way out. 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Negative Effects Of Violent Video Games - 1895 Words

Question How can violence within a video game benefit the player and what differences within other types of video games demonstrated to have beneficial factors? Introduction Today, entertainment surrounds people through their televisions, computers, phones and video games. Essentially, video games developed into several various genres causing today’s entertainment to crave an unique experience. But, violent video games, regarded as a controversial genre, causes more negative controversy within modern society due to its glorified scenes of blood, killing, sexual context, and language than its counterparts. Not only does this minimize their favorable factors but additionally, it generates a believable correlation between violent video†¦show more content†¦Six factors were measured into these studies, aggressive cognition, affect, behavior, physiological arousal, prosocial behavior, and empathy desensitization. The graph consist of box plots and the a midline determined the incurrence of that concept . All the aggressive concepts and physiological arousal were placed in the positive while prosocial behavior and empathy desensitization dim inished below the midline (Anderson et al.; Prot et al.). Memory, the essential concept of the mind needed to recall and remember facts, people and the way to play a game. Cooperatively Gameplay vs. Competitive The violent video games upon one player may create an aid to memory and gray matter, while towards two people playing together can create an uplifting behavior depending where or rather one plays cooperatively or competitively. Due to the fact that the topic on cooperation versus competition within violent video games lacks in depth research, ________’ study utilized a profound game a a way to build a base for future research. 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